



The word that is used in several languages or borrowed into them is given priority in selection.
Example:guitar⇒gitar(in 11 languages)
tea⇒cha(in 7 languages)
gas⇒gas(in 13 languages)
humor⇒humor(in 14 languages)

The word that is officially used in international communties is given priority in selection.
Example1:gold, kin, jin, oro, ouro, oro, or, Gold, zoloto, dhahab, sonaa, paralelo, chrusos, aurum⇒gold
Example2:century, seiki, shiji, siglo, século, secolo, siècle, stoletie,
qarn, sataabdii, frivola, aionas, centum anni, Jahrhundert⇒senturi

The word that is familiar to people in everyday life due to its appearance in signboards or brand names is given priority in selection.
Example1:stop⇒stop
fire⇒fire
Example2:brown⇒braun
river⇒rio


The shortest word is selected.
Example1:brain, nou, nao, cerebro, cérebro, cervello, cerveau,
Gehirn, mozg, dimaagh, mastisk, buddhii, bheja, mualo⇒nao
Example2:breakdown, koshou, guzhang, fallo, avaria, enguiço, guasto, panne,
Betriebsschaden, polomka, tasattul, avaria, karab hojana, pathaino blabe⇒falo

In the case of the words that have the same origin, the simplest spelling is selected.
Example1:perfect, perfekta, perfectus, perfekt,
perfecto, perfeito, perfetto, parfait⇒perfet
Example2:certain, certa, certus, certo⇒sert

If meaning is sufficiently conveyed by a stem, other parts are omitted.
Example:equipment, soubi, zhuangbei, equipo, equipamento, perilo, equipaggiamento,
équipement, Ausrüstung, oborudovanie, upaskar, eksoplismos, muiddat, arma⇒eqip

The degree of familiarity is enhanced by selecting words from diverse origins as much as possible.
Example:nose⇒noz(English: nose; Italian: naso; French: nez; German: Nase; Russian: nos; Latin: nasus)
neck⇒mog(Korean: mog)
cheek⇒jia(Chinese: jia)
heel⇒eri(Hindi: erri)
elephant⇒elefant(English: elephant; Spanish: elefante; German: Elefant; Portuguese: elefante; Italian: elefante;
French: éléphant; Greek: elephantas; Latin: elephantus)
bird⇒tori(Japanese: tori)
sheep⇒yang(Korean: yang; Chinese: yang)
goose⇒gus(English: goose; Russian: gus’)

Even a short word is avoided if its pronunciation is too simple and it can be confused with other words.
Example:goose, e, gachou, ganso, oca, ganso, oca, oie,
gus', wizza, hans, parazito chena, anser, Gans⇒(instead of ‘e’) gus

If possible, the structure of ‘CVCV’, which is easy to pronounce, is selected.
Example1:appear, arawareru, chuxian, aparecer, aparecer, exsistere, conspici, apparire,
apparaître, erscheinen, poiavliat'sia, DhaHar, upasthit honaa, parousiazomai, apparere⇒apar
Example2:air, taiki, daqi, atmósfera, atmosfera, atmosfera, aer, al-jaww,
atmosphere, Atmosphäre, atmosfera, vaataavaran, atmosphaira⇒degi

A word is selected from the language with which the word is most associated culturally in meaning.
Example:tea⇒cha(from Chinese)
rose⇒roz(from English)

A new word is created though active compounding.
Example1:dictionary⇒motbuk(mot ‘word’ + buk ‘book’)
Example2:Monday⇒lunadi(luna ‘moon’ + di ‘day’)
Example3:first⇒unme(un ‘one’ + me ‘ordinal ending’)


Unnecessary duplication of consonants is simplified.
Example1:bell⇒bel
address⇒adres
Example2:check⇒chek


The cluster of vowels is simplified as much as possible.
Example:enough⇒enuf
heavy⇒hevi
guest⇒gest
heart⇒hart

When the final consonant in the structure of ‘-VCVC’ is a nasal or liquid sound, the vowel which is pronounced as [∂] is omitted.
Example:even⇒evn

A word-final inflectional ending or silent vowel is omitted.
Example1:sure⇒sur
advice⇒advis
Example2:tower, turris, Turm, torre, tour⇒tor
adventure, Abenteuer, aventura, avventura, aventure⇒aventur

‘ow’ which is pronounced as [ou] ⇒ ‘o’
Example:slow⇒slo
snow⇒sno
yellow⇒yelo

![4.1 [ks] ⇒ 'x'](/common/img/introduce/e_h5_title_021101.gif)
Example:access⇒axes
success⇒suxes
![4.2 'qu' which is pronounced as [kw] 'q'](/common/img/introduce/e_h5_title_021102.gif)
Example:quick⇒qik
quarter⇒qart
![4.3 'g' which is pronounced as [ʤ] ⇒ 'j'](/common/img/introduce/e_h5_title_021103.gif)
Example:orange⇒oranj
charge⇒charj
![4.4 'c' which is pronounced as [k] ⇒ 'k' / pronounced as [s] ⇒ 's'](/common/img/introduce/e_h5_title_021104.gif)
Example1:class⇒klas
card⇒kard
Example2:city⇒sity
century⇒senturi
![4.5 'y' which is pronounced as [i] ⇒ 'i' / pronounced as [ai] ⇒ 'ai'](/common/img/introduce/e_h5_title_021105.gif)
Example1:every⇒evri
employ⇒emploi
Example2:dry⇒drai
fly⇒flai

When the pronunciation of a word is widespread and the word tends to be shortend, the spelling of the word is changed according to its pronunciation..
Example:business⇒biz
introduce⇒intro
advertise⇒ad


I : miyou(sg.) : dehe/she/it : le
we : misyou(pl.) : desthey : les

what : watwho : wuwhich : wich
where : werwhen : wenhow : wi
why : we

all : alevery : evrieach : ge
any : enino : nosome : som
many : menimore : mormost : most
other : odroanother : undoro
this : disthat : dat

and : ebut : butor : or
so : soif : ifas : az
because : kozsince : sinsalthough : aldo, daga
while : wail

one : unfirst : unme
two : dusecond : dume
three : trithird : trime
four : safourth : same
five : pentfifth : pentme
six : sessixth : sesme
seven : sepseventh : sepme
eight : oteighth : otme
nine : novninth : novme
ten : tententh : tenme
hundred : senthundredth : sentme
thousand : milthousandth : milme

once/one time : unmal
twice/two times : dumal
three times : trimal
four times : samal
five times : pentmal
six times : sesmal
seven times : sepmal
eight times : otmal
nine times : novmal
ten times : tenmal

January : unmes
February : dumes
March : trimes
April : sames
May : pentmes
June : sesmes
July : sepmes
August : otmes
September : novmes
October : tenmes
November : tenunmes
December : tendumes

Sunday : soldi
Monday : lunadi
Tuesday : firedi
Wednesday : aqadi
Thursday : namudi
Friday : goldi
Saturday : landi

second : sekond
minute : minut
hour : hora
day : di
week : wik
month : mes
year : an

spring : bom
summer : ete
autumn : aki
winter : winter

east : est
west : west
south : sud
north : nord

white : blanblack : heired : red
blue : bluyellow : yeloorange : oranj
purple : purpurgreen : grenpink : pink
gray : greibrown : braun

father : padermother : mader
son : sondaughter : fila
brother : brudersister : sister
husband : mariowife : marie
uncle : onklaunt : tia

head : hedhair : harear : ear
nose : nozcheek : jialip : lip
finger : ditoneck : mogarm : arm
hand : manochest : chestmouth : ib
knee : genubody : badiback : bak
leg : legelbow : elboheel : eri
foot : fut

animal : animalbird : torifish : fish
bull : torofox : foxdog : dog
cat : katsheep : yangmonkey : saru
tiger : tigerlion : leorabbit : rabit
elephant : elefanthorse : umabear : gom
frog : ranamouse : mausgoose : gus
wolf : lobo